Asian immigrants’ psychological well-being: the interplay of perceived racial discrimination, group membership, and coping strategies

The purpose of this research aims to explore the effects of perceived racial discrimination on Asian immigrants’ psychological well-being. It investigates the moderating effects of immigrants’ group membership and coping factors. The main research hypotheses and exploratory research questions include the following: 1) Does perceived discrimination effect Asian immigrants’ psychological well-being (i.e., psychological stress and overall mental health)? ) Do coping and group membership variables (i.e., racial/ethnic identity, social support, immigrants’ generational status, ethnic subgroup, and age) bear moderating effects on the associations? This study hypothesizes that despite experiencing a higher rate of perceived discrimination, those with coping strategies and protective group membership—such as being a first generation immigrant or belonging to an ethnic subgroup with overall higher socio- economic Status—experience less negative impact on their psychological well-being. This study utilized the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS) dataset, which is a nationally representative study with strong quality measures relevant for the variables proposed. All Asian immigrants in the dataset (n=2,095) were included, and the results may be generalized to approximately 6,040,000 Asian immigrant adult populations in the United States. This research involved weighing step-wise hierarchical multiple regression to examine the main effect of perceived racial discrimination on two psychological well-being outcomes. Lastly, by using interaction terms in the final regression models, this study investigated the moderating effects of two coping and three group membership variables. All analysis was conducted by using STATA 13.0 S.E. The results revealed significant detrimental effects of perceived racial discrimination on Asian immigrants’ psychological well-being. Experiencing a higher rate of perceived racial discrimination was negatively associated with Asian immigrants’ self-rated mental health (OR= .690, p ≤ .05; 95% CI [-.701- -.041]) and existing in a highly psychologically distressed state (B= -.668, p ≤ .01; 95% CI [-1.071– -.265]). For moderating variables, having a higher level of social support was significantly associated with a better psychological well-being outcome. Social support was a significant moderator (buffer) against perceived racial discrimination for Asian immigrants’ self-rated mental health (OR= 1.439, p ≤ .001; 95% CI [.172 - .556]. Another coping factor, racial/ethnic identity, yielded the opposite effect of the initial hypothesis. Asian immigrants with moderate-high levels of racial/ethnic identity were associated with having poorer self-rated mental health (OR= .488, p ≤ .1; 95% CI [-1.486 - .053]) and existing in a highly psychologically distressed state (B= .939, p ≤ .1; 95% CI [-.031 – 1.909]). Regarding group membership factors, Vietnamese ethnicity (B= -1.304, p ≤ .05; 95% CI [-2.296– -.312]) and being young adults (B= -.938, p ≤ .1; 95% CI [-2.042 – .312]) demonstrated negative moderating effects (non-protective effects) when Asian immigrants were challenged by perceived racial discrimination. This study contributes to literature on the effects of perceived racial discrimination and psychological well-being of Asian immigrants in the United States. Also, this project adds to the current literature by examining relevant coping and group membership factors for the Asian immigrant population. Moreover, this investigation recognized the complicated nature of racial/ethnic identity. Findings from the current study reveal important policy and practice implication for settings that serve Asian immigrant populations. For practical application, social workers might help Asian immigrants to obtain a high level of social support, a protective factor for psychological well-being. For policy implications, institutions might promote diversity and disrupt incidents of racial discrimination

After-School Childcare Arrangements and Maternal Labor Supply in Low-Income American Households: Comparisons between Race and Ethnicity

Even though after-school childcare arrangements are a significant matter for working mothers in the United States, only formal childcare has been recognized as relevant by researchers. Therefore, this study aims to find the association between different types of after-school childcare arrangements (after-school programs, relative, parental, self-care, and combination of care) and low-income working mothers’ labor supply, including their working hours and months, with special attention to their race/ethnicity. The study employed the Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis and utilized the National Household Education Survey Programs: After-School Programs and Activities (2005). The results showed that White and Hispanic mothers using relative care reported longer working hours than mothers of the same ethnic groups who used other types of care. Hispanic mothers using parental (spousal) care also reported fewer working months than Hispanic mothers using relative care. Implications for policy, social work practice, and research are discussed along with limitations, including the cross-sectional design of the study

School-Based Mental Health Services for Racial Minority Children in the United States

Racial minority children have been an underserved population and are particularly vulnerable due to limited access to community resources, especially mental health services. Schools have been noted as appropriate that environment to deliver services for underserved children (Blewett, Casey, & Call, 2004). However, little is known about the effectiveness of exiting school-based services targeting minority students. Therefore, this study reviewed past research regarding the effects of school-based mental health services (SBMHS) for racial minority children and analyzed the methodological and cultural features. By applying the Levels of Evidence-Based Intervention Effectiveness (LEBIE) scale and the cultural sensitivity criteria, the researchers examined whether existing SBMS were designed with rigor and cultural sensitivity. Our study analyzed the effects of SBMS with child-centered play therapy or resilience-building programs on mental illness of racial minority groups of children, such as increasing social connectedness and decreasing depressive symptoms. Our study findings implied that SBMS should be provided for students of color who have limited access to resources and health care services in their communities. School professionals also need to reach out in multiple contexts to students of color by understanding structural racism and oppression

Racial microaggressions at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Voices of students of color in the classroom

This report presents research findings about racial microaggressions that occur in learning environments at the University of Illinois Urbana campus. The research team invited all domestic students of color attending the university during the 2011- 2012 academic year to participate in the survey. Over 4,800 students of color completed the online survey, yielding a 45% response rate.Center for Democracy in a Multiracial SocietyUniversity of Illinois Campus Research Board. Multiracial Democracy ProgramUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Graduate College. Focal Point InitiativeUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. University HousingOpe

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216

Associations between after-school arrangements and labour conditions of low-income working mothers in the United States

Over one-half of U.S. low-income working mothers utilize an array of after-school options, which impacts child development and their work conditions. However, many studies have focused exclusively on children’s development in after-school programs (ASPs). Therefore, we examined the relationship between different types of after-school care and low-income working mothers’ labour conditions which include working hours and months as well as the abilities to job shift and attend school/training. The study utilized the National Household Education Survey Programs: After-School Programs and Activities (2005) data and employed binary logistic and Ordinary Least Square Regression analyses. Sample units (N = 717) were low-income households utilizing any of the childcare arrangements. The study’s finding of a positive association between relative care and mothers’ working hours suggests a need for more public subsidies for working families using relative care as well as a need for financial incentives for relatives providing childcare. Additionally, for parents who cannot access relative care, the quality and quantity of ASPs in economically disadvantaged communities must be increased

Effects of Asian immigrants’ group membership in the association between perceived racial discrimination and psychological well-being: the interplay of immigrants’ generational status, age, and ethnic subgroup

Using data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS) (2002–2003) of 2,059 Asian immigrants, the given study explores the effects of perceived racial discrimination on participants’ psychological well-being. Asian immigrants’ group membership factors–immigrants’ generational status, age, and ethnic subgroup–were tested for possible moderating effects through two sets of regression analyses. Results indicated that immigrants’ generational status was not a significant moderating factor. However, young adults (ages 18–24) and Vietnamese ethnicity showed the most vulnerability when they experienced racial discrimination. Findings from the current study provide a number of important implications for policy and social work practice

Real-time Depth Reconstruction from Stereo Sequences

We propose a fast depth reconstruction algorithm for stereo sequences using camera geometry and disparity estimation. In disparity estimation process, we calculate dense background disparity fields in an initialization step so that only disparities of moving object regions are updated in the main process using real-time segmentation and hierarchical disparity estimation techniques. The estimated dense disparity fields are converted into depth information by camera geometry. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides accurate depth information with an average processing speed of 15 frames/sec for 320240 stereo sequences on a common PC. We also verified the performance of the proposed algorithm by applying it to real applications. Keywords: Real-time system, Depth reconstruction, Disparity estimation, Foreground segmentation 1

Interrelations between After-School Settings and the Delinquency and Emotional-Behavioral Problems of Elementary School Children: Findings from Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study

Even though there are different types of after-school settings, numerous studies have focused on formal after-school settings (i.e., after-school programs or ASPs) and their association with children’s academic, physical, and social-emotional behaviors. The few findings from informal settings are also outdated. To bridge this gap, our study aimed to locate the interrelations between after-school settings and the behavioral outcomes of children with a particular emphasis on children’s delinquency and emotional-behavioral problems. We used the U.S. national dataset, fifth wave of Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing (nine-year follow-up), with the binary logistic and ordinary least square regression analyses. With a sample size of 3320, we found that children in parental care were reported to commit less delinquency than children in ASPs. Also, children in non-adult care were reported to have more emotional-behavioral problems than children in ASPs. Educators, school social workers, and policymakers should consider the impact of ASPs on children whose parents are not able to spend significant amounts of time with them. In particular, public assistance should be utilized in such a way that helps parents to achieve their children’s positive behavioral outcomes. At the same time, government and community assistance should be provided to enhance the quality of ASPs for the positive results of emotional-behavioral problems of elementary school students

Exploring the Diverse Family Structures in South Korea: Experiences and Perspectives of Nonmartial Cohabitants

Historically, South Korean society has been deeply influenced by Confucianism, which has an emphasis on the traditional family structure. If a given family does not belong in the “traditional” norm, which is composed of husband, wife, and children, they are often discriminated against and ostracized. Despite the increasing number of nonmarital cohabiters in South Korea, research is still insufficient to understand the phenomenon. This study explores the prevalence of nonmarital cohabitation in South Korea, which is still met with discrimination. Online surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted with cohabiters to gain an understanding of the phenomenon and to explore their marriage and family values. The findings of this study indicate that cohabiters who chose cohabitation as an alternative to marriage had more progressive values. Findings from the study provide implications for practice and policy